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Event
WHO COVID-19 Vaccine research forum
Sam posted an event in Community Calendar
untilWHO will host a monthly WHO COVID-19 Vaccine research forum, starting on Tuesday 2 March 2021. This first webinar is scheduled between 14:00 – 16:00 Central European Time (CET). The agenda will be shared in advance. The goals of these ongoing meetings are: To encourage and facilitate the rapid dissemination of research protocols and emerging results. To provide regular updates against R&D Blueprint roadmap priorities with the ability to pivot given dynamic research needs. Register -
Event
Long COVID Joint Research Forum
Patient Safety Learning posted an event in Community Calendar
untilCurrently very little is known about the clinical, biological, psychological and socio-environmental impact of COVID-19. While most people may have uncomplicated recoveries, some experience prolonged or new symptoms and complications. The wide range of Long Covid symptoms documented indicates that multiple body systems are involved. Some of the more commonly reported symptoms include fatigue, breathing difficulties, joint pain, chest pain, as well as muscle weakness and neurological symptoms. These are common among both people who were hospitalised in the early phase of COVID-19 and those who were not. Systematic reviews show that people worldwide are experiencing prolonged symptoms of COVID-19. There are implications at an individual level for people’s quality of life and their ability to work, as well as at a socioeconomic level due to the risk of widening health inequalities. As well as breadth of the physical, psychological and social complications, there is a need to understand the causes (aetiology) of the symptoms and complications experienced. It is also vital to be able to identify people at higher risk of Long Covid, as well as interventions that might reduce that risk, and support rehabilitation and recovery. There is an urgent need for robust scientific studies into the long-term impact of COVID-19 in both adults and children, and for healthcare providers to be informed to support prevention, assessment, rehabilitation and interventions to improve recovery and patient outcomes. With this need in mind, ISARIC and GloPID-R are organising the Long Covid Forum on December 9 and 10, 2020 in collaboration with the Long Covid Support. The objectives of the forum will be: to gain a better understanding of Long Covid; the science and the personal impact to define research gaps for funders and researchers to take forward. Register -
Content ArticleDespite under-reporting, health workers (HWs) accounted for 2-30% of the reported COVID-19 cases worldwide. In line with data from other countries, Jordan recorded multiple case surges among HWs. This study from Tarif et al. looked at infection prevention and control risk factors in HWs infected with Covid-19. Study findings confirmed the role of hand hygiene as one of the most cost-effective measures to combat the spreading of viral infections.
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Content ArticleAn analysis of data from nearly 154 000 US veterans with SARS-CoV-2 infection provides a grim preliminary answer to the question: What are COVID-19’s long-term cardiovascular outcomes? The study, published in Nature Medicine by researchers at the Veterans Affairs (VA) St Louis Health Care System, found that in the year after recovering from the illness’s acute phase, patients had increased risks of an array of cardiovascular problems, including abnormal heart rhythms, heart muscle inflammation, blood clots, strokes, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. What’s more, the heightened risks were evident even among those who weren’t hospitalised with acute COVID-19.
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Content ArticleCancer screening involves testing for early signs of cancer in people without symptoms. It can help spot cancers at an early stage, when treatment is more likely to be successful, or in some cases prevent cancer from developing the first place. The screening test for bowel cancer is the faecal immunochemical test, or FIT, that looks for tiny traces of blood in your poo. These tests are sent to everyone in the eligible population every two years. In this blog Jacob Smith from Cancer Research UK looks at the importance of increasing bowel cancer screening in socioeconomically deprived communities, where there is a higher incidence of bowel cancer and death from bowel cancer. This is partly due to lower levels of participation in screening. The blog highlights the results of a recent study carried out by the University of Sheffield to determine which interventions may be successful in reducing health inequalities related to bowel cancer screening. Modelling found that re-inviting non-participants to take part in screening each year was a highly effective intervention, and it is estimated that this approach would prevent over 11,000 bowel cancer deaths over the lifetime of the current English population aged 50-74.
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Content ArticleRates of blood testing in primary care are rising. Communicating blood test results generates significant workload for patients, GPs, and practice staff. This study from Watson et al. explored GPs’ and patients’ experience of systems of blood test communication. The study found that methods of test result communication varied between doctors and were based on habits, unwritten heuristics, and personal preferences rather than protocols. Doctors expected patients to know how to access their test results. In contrast, patients were often uncertain and used guesswork to decide when and how to access their tests. Patients and doctors generally assumed that the other party would make contact, with potential implications for patient safety. Text messaging and online methods of communication have benefits, but were perceived by some patients as ‘flippant’ or ‘confusing’. Delays and difficulties obtaining and interpreting test results can lead to anxiety and frustration for patients and has important implications for patient-centred care and patient safety.
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Content ArticleThere has been an increase in the use of video group consultations (VGCs) by general practice staff, particularly since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, when in-person care was restricted. This qualitative study in the British Journal of General Practice aimed to examine the factors affecting how VGCs are designed and implemented in general practice. Through semi-structured interviews with practice staff and patients, the authors found that: in the first year of the pandemic, VGCs focused on supporting those with long-term conditions or other shared health and social needs. most patients welcomed clinical and peer input, and the opportunity to access their practice remotely during lockdown. not everyone agreed to engage in group-based care or was able to access IT equipment. significant work was needed for practices to deliver VGCs, such as setting up the digital infrastructure, gaining team buy-in, developing new patient-facing online facilitation roles, managing background operational processes, protecting online confidentiality, and ensuring professional indemnity cover. national training was seen as instrumental in capacity building for VGC implementation.
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Content ArticleThis online community has been set up by the Care Quality Commission (CQC) to engage with members of the public on a range of topics related to the CQC's work as regulator of health and social care services in the UK. The site invites people to get involved in different ways, for example: by sharing expertise, experience and thoughts through discussions. by reviewing documents. by taking part in polls and surveys. by contributing to idea boards. When signing up, you can either use your own name or your organisation’s name, and you'll be asked to choose what groups you represent and what sectors you work in or use.
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Content ArticleThe Indian Liver Patient Dataset (ILPD) is used extensively to create algorithms that predict liver disease. Given the existing research describing demographic inequities in liver disease diagnosis and management, these algorithms require scrutiny for potential biases. Isabel Straw and Honghan Wu address this overlooked issue by investigating ILPD models for sex bias. They demonstrated a sex disparity that exists in published ILPD classifiers. In practice, the higher false negative rate for females would manifest as increased rates of missed diagnosis for female patients and a consequent lack of appropriate care. Our study demonstrates that evaluating biases in the initial stages of machine learning can provide insights into inequalities in current clinical practice, reveal pathophysiological differences between the male and females, and can mitigate the digitisation of inequalities into algorithmic systems. An awareness of the potential biases of these systems is essential in preventing the digital exacerbation of healthcare inequalities.
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Content ArticlePrevious research has shown that visitors can decrease the risk of patient harm; however, the potential to increase the risk of patient harm has been understudied. Sanchez et al. queried the Pennsylvania Patient Safety Reporting System database to identify event reports that described visitor behaviours contributing to either a decreased or increased risk of patient harm. The study provides insight into which visitor behaviours are contributing to a decreased risk of patient harm and adds to the literature by identifying behaviours that can increase the risk of patient harm, across multiple event types.
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Content ArticleOne of the reasons why patient safety may be put at risk during healthcare interventions is a lack of staff adherence to patient safety guidelines. There could be a relationship between staff’s adherence to patient safety guidelines and their perceived level of reward for their work and/or motivation. This study from Asmoro et al. examined the relationship between reward and adherence to patient safety guidelines, and between motivation and adherence to patient safety guidelines, among nurses working in emergency departments (EDs) in Indonesia. They found that ensuring ED nurses are motivated for their work by offering rewards – such as a decent salary, a supportive workplace environment and career progression opportunities – is important to enhance their adherence to patient safety guidelines.
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Content ArticleThe NHS in England has introduced a range of policy measures aimed at fostering greater openness, transparency and candour about quality and safety. This study looks at the implementation of these policies within NHS organisations, with the aim of identifying key implications for policy and practice.
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Content ArticleThe aim of this study from Avery et al. was to determine the prevalence and nature of prescribing errors in general practice; to explore the causes, and to identify defences against error. The study involved examination of 6,048 unique prescription items for 1,777 patients. Prescribing or monitoring errors were detected for 1 in 8 patients, involving around 1 in 20 of all prescription items. The vast majority of the errors were of mild to moderate severity, with 1 in 550 items being associated with a severe error. The following factors were associated with increased risk of prescribing or monitoring errors: male gender, age less than 15 years or greater than 64 years, number of unique medication items prescribed, and being prescribed preparations in the following therapeutic areas: cardiovascular, infections, malignant disease and immunosuppression, musculoskeletal, eye, ENT and skin. Prescribing or monitoring errors were not associated with the grade of GP or whether prescriptions were issued as acute or repeat items. A wide range of underlying causes of error were identified relating to the prescriber, patient, the team, the working environment, the task, the computer system and the primary/secondary care interface. Many defences against error were also identified, including strategies employed by individual prescribers and primary care teams, and making best use of health information technology.
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Content ArticleThis observational study in The Lancet Public Health analysed the effects of outsourcing health services to private, for-profit providers. The authors evaluated the impact of outsourced spending to private providers on treatable mortality rates and the quality of healthcare services in England, following the 2012 Health and Social Care Act. The authors found that: an annual increase of one percentage point of outsourcing to the private for-profit sector corresponded with an annual increase in treatable mortality of 0·38% in the following year. changes to for-profit outsourcing since 2014 were associated with an additional 557 treatable deaths across the 173 CCGs in England. They conclude that private sector outsourcing corresponded with significantly increased rates of treatable mortality, potentially as a result of a decline in the quality of health-care services.
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Content Article
Impact of adverse events on surgeons (April 2022)
Patient Safety Learning posted an article in Surgery
Surgeons are affected negatively when things go wrong. They may experience guilt, anxiety and reduced confidence following adverse events, which may lead to formal investigation and sanction. Medical errors have been linked with burnout, depression, suicidal ideation and reduced quality of life. This research from Turner et al. explores the impact of adverse events on UK surgeons’ health and wellbeing. Surgeons completed an online survey that involved recalling an error-based or complication-based event and answering questions regarding health, wellbeing and support seeking. -
Content ArticleThis report by researchers at the University of Birmingham is the first granular analysis of the known and hidden waiting lists for elective procedures in England. There has been previous analysis of the NHS waiting list, but it has been based on the overall waiting list and has included patients waiting for all types of consultant-led care, including outpatient clinic visits and non-surgical treatments. The authors of this report have used procedure-level data to produce estimates for the need for elective procedures.
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Content ArticleHuman error plays a vital role in diagnostic errors in the emergency department. A thorough analysis of these human errors, using information-rich reports of serious adverse events (SAEs), could help to better study and understand the causes of these errors and formulate more specific recommendations. Baartmans et al. studied 23 SAE reports of diagnostic events in emergency departments of Dutch general hospitals and identified human errors. They found that the combination of different instruments and information-rich SAE reports allowed for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying diagnostic error. Results indicated that errors occurred most often during the assessment and the testing phase of the diagnostic process. Most often, the errors could be classified as mistakes and violations, both intended actions. These types of errors are in need of different recommendations for improvement, as mistakes are often knowledge based, whereas violations often happen because of work and time pressure. These analyses provided valuable insights for more overarching recommendations to improve diagnostic safety and would be recommended to use in future research and analysis of (serious) adverse events.
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Content ArticleAdverse events in surgery are a relevant cause of costs, disability, or death, and their incidence is a key quality indicator that plays an important role in the future of health care. In neurosurgery, little is known about the frequency of adverse events and the contribution of human error. The aim of this study from Meyer et al. was to determine the incidence, nature and severity of adverse events in neurosurgery, and to investigate the contribution of human error. They found that adverse events occur frequently in neurosurgery. These data can serve as benchmarks when discussing quality-based accreditation and reimbursement in upcoming health care reforms. The high frequency of human performance deficiencies contributing to adverse events shows that there is potential to further eliminate avoidable patient harm.
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Content ArticleThe first COVID-19 vaccine outside a clinical trial setting was administered on 8 December 2020. To ensure global vaccine equity, vaccine targets were set by the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) Facility and WHO. However, due to vaccine shortfalls, these targets were not achieved by the end of 2021. Watson et al. aimed to quantify the global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination programmes. The study found that COVID-19 vaccination has substantially altered the course of the pandemic, saving tens of millions of lives globally. However, inadequate access to vaccines in low-income countries has limited the impact in these settings, reinforcing the need for global vaccine equity and coverage.
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Content ArticleHuman error is as old as humankind itself and widely recognised as a significant cause of mistakes. Much of the research in this area has originated from high-risk organisations (HROs), including commercial aviation, where even simple mistakes can be catastrophic. A failure to understand and recognise how Human Factors (HF), especially those that affect performance and team working, can contribute or lead to serious medical error is still widespread across healthcare. Sadly, this commonly occurs in the operating theatre, one of the most dangerous places in hospital. While attitudes and acceptance of pre-surgery briefings has improved using the World Health Service (WHO) Surgical Checklist, this does not address other 'personal' factors that can lead to error, including stress, fatigue, emotional status, hunger and situational awareness. Following initial work around HF perception amongst operating theatre teams, Peter Brennan's (student at the University of Portsmouth) research has lead to significant delivery changes to the high stakes Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) examination, taken by up tp 6,500 junior doctors per year. After recognising boredom and fatigue in examiners, further published studies found an improvement in examiner morale with no significant changes in exam reliability or overall candidate outcome. These changes have improved patient safety at a National level. Other high stakes National Events have been evaluated where repetitive assessment occurs during long days, providing reassurance to organisers and the General Medical Council. 28 HF-related publications have been included in this work, including several reviews of important personal factors that affect performance and how these can be optimised at work.
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Content ArticleThe Medical Certificate of Stillbirth (MCS) records data about a baby’s death after 24 weeks of gestation but before birth. Major errors that could alter interpretation of the MCS were widespread in two UK-based regional studies. A multicentre evaluation was conducted, examining MCS issued 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018 in 76 UK obstetric units. A systematic case-note review of stillbirths was conducted by Obstetric and Gynaecology trainees, generating individual ‘ideal MCSs’ and comparing these to the actual MCS issued. Anonymized central data analysis described rates and types of error, agreement and factors associated with major errors. The study demonstrates widespread major errors in MCS completion across the UK. MCS should only be completed following structured case-note review, with particular attention on the fetal growth trajectory. Correct stillbirth cause classification is crucial for families and society; when ‘unexplained’, conditions’ true perinatal mortality contributions are uncounted and preventative strategies cannot be appropriately targeted.
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Content ArticleSome innovations spread fast. How do you speed the ones that don’t? Atul Gawande, a professor of public health and a surgeon, is the founder and chair of Ariadne Labs, takes a look at the history of medicine and why some innovative ideas and treatments take off and others don't.
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Content ArticleInadequate medication adherence is a widespread problem that contributes to increased chronic disease complications and healthcare expenditures. Packaging interventions using pill boxes and blister packs have been widely recommended to address the medication adherence issue. This meta-analysis review from Conn et al. determined the overall effect of packaging interventions on medication adherence and health outcomes. In addition, the authors tested whether effects vary depending on intervention, sample, and design characteristics. Overall, meta-analysis findings support the use of packaging interventions to effectively increase medication adherence.
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Content ArticleThere has been little evaluation of strategies to strengthen regulation in LMIC, a notable exception being the Kenya Patient Safety Impact Evaluation (KePSIE), a collaboration between the Kenyan Ministry of Health and the World Bank. KePSIE is one of the worlds largest trials on improving patient safety, testing at scale complementary approaches to protect patients and prevent disease outbreaks. KePSIE provides validated tools to measure patient safety and assess facility performance in resource-poor primary care settings across multiple domains; development of an inspection checklist in collaboration with the country and large-scale pilot of inspections using a professional cadre and globally relevant empirical evidence on the effectiveness of government inspections and consumer empowerment to ensure patient safety.
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Content ArticleHealth systems in low and middle income countries (LMIC) are increasingly pluralistic, involving a wide mix of public, not-for-profit and for-profit providers. Regulation should be a key foundation of the Government's stewardship role of these heterogeneous facilities, but performance of this function is generally weak, with serious consequence for patient safety and quality of care. There has been little evaluation of strategies to strengthen regulation in LMIC, a notable exception being the Kenya Patient Safety Impact Evaluation (KePSIE), a collaboration between the Kenyan Ministry of Health and the World Bank. This randomised controlled trial is assessing the impact of a set of innovative regulatory interventions in public and private facilities in three Kenyan counties. These comprise the use of the Joint Health Inspections Checklist (JHIC), which synthesises the areas covered by all the regulatory Boards and Councils; increased inspection frequency; risk-based inspections where warnings, sanctions and time to re-inspection depend on inspection scores; and display of regulatory results outside facilities. The KePSIE trial will provide a rigorous quantitative assessment of these regulatory strategies. The results are expected to make an important contribution to the limited evidence base on regulation and regulatory reform. The findings will be of substantial benefit to those concerned with regulatory reform and the improvement of quality and safety more generally in Kenya and other LMIC settings.
